It is difficult for manufacturers to specify a polarization extinction ratio (PER) for light output by polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers, since this parameter depends on the length of the fiber, how it is routed, and the polarization and alignment of the input light. In most applications for PM fiber, only one of the two polarization orientations (states) is used - this is sometimes called the 'wanted' polarization-state.
Read More
The Q factor measures the signal-to-noise ratio at the decision point in a receiver's circuitry. The purpose of this application note is to show the relationship between the electrical and optical signal-to-noise. There are so many different types of modulati n techniques scheme is recommended for improvement of BER and Q-factor in fibre optic communications.
Read More
The loss spec for prepolished/mechanical splice connectors or multifiber connectors like MPOs will be higher (0. 75 max per EIA/TIA 568)To be able to judge whether a fiber optic cable plant is good, one does a insertion loss test with a light source and power meter and compares that to an estimate of what is a reasonable loss for that cable plant. Insertion loss, also known as attenuation, is the loss of optical power that occurs when light passes through a fiber optic connector. It is caused by factors such as misalignment, air gaps, and imperfections in the connector components. Why is wavelength important? Different wavelengths experience different attenuation levels.
Read More
Beam splitters in PON networks are often made with single-mode optical fiber, by exploiting evanescent wave coupling between a pair of fibers to share the beam between them. A beam splitter or beamsplitter is an optical device that splits a beam of light into a transmitted and a reflected beam. The choice between these two methods depends on the specific requirements of the optical. Light from an input fiber is first collimated, then sent through a beam splitting optic to divide it into two.
Read More
A Trip Class is a standard parameter that defines the maximum time (in seconds) a relay will take to trip when subjected to a current 6 times (600%) its rated current. Selective short-circuit protection can be achieved in different ways, such as: Time-graded protection Time- and current-graded protection A straightforward way of obtaining selective protection is to use time grading. Trip Curve (time-current characteristic curve) is a graph showing the relationship between. When developing a protection philosophy, clear indication should be given for special cases where. Relay protection is essential to ensure the stability, reliability, and safety of electrical power systems.
Read More+48 22 538 72 19
+49 30 983 21 44
ul. Postępu 14, 02-676 Warszawa, Poland