Common connector types are named FC, SC and LC for single-mode applications and ST for multimode, but there are also dozens of other types, with special qualities such as duplex connections, particularly small size, built-in shutter for improved laser safety, etc. In many applications of fiber optics, it is necessary to connect fiber ends (terminations) in some way such that light from one fiber can get into the other fiber without losing too much of its optical power. In combination with modal dispersion, mode coupling creates frequency diversity, mitigating the mode-dependent gain of optical amplifiers. Mode coupling plays a crucial role in spatial-division-multiplexed transmission systems. Optical fibers are among the most transformative technologies in modern photonics, quietly enabling the global internet, precision sensing, minimally invasive medicine, and high-power industrial laser systems. At their core, all optical fibers perform the same fundamental task – guiding light. Whilst this value is easily achievable when laser light is coupled into multimode fibres, for single-mode fibres, 80% eficiency is close to the theoretical limit, and presents a number of significant challenges especially at powers higher than a few.
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